What does counterpoise grounding involve?

Counterpoise grounding involves creating a grounding system that utilizes conductors or electrodes laid out on or just above the surface of the ground to establish an effective electrical connection with the earth. This method is particularly useful in scenarios where traditional grounding methods may not be feasible or effective, such as in areas with high resistivity soil or limited space.

In counterpoise systems, the conductors may be installed horizontally and are typically insulated from the ground underneath, allowing them to draw upon the earth's electrical potential while minimizing interference from environmental factors. This type of grounding can provide a reliable return path for electrical current and is especially important in systems where equipment needs to be protected from electrical surges or lightning.

The other options presented do not accurately describe counterpoise grounding. An overhead grounding system relies on elevated conductors, while a wireless grounding solution does not involve physical conductors connected to the earth. Surface grounding only might imply a very limited or incomplete grounding approach, failing to capture the comprehensive strategy that counterpoise grounding offers.